GEOG 224 The Canadian Landscape - Research in the Age of GenAI
This information guide has been developed in partnership with your professor to provide an orientation to using library-copyrighted resources and other copyrighted information sources in your learning process, including Generative Artificial Intelligence.
This section provides background information on the Canadian Urban-Rural Divide, including background information, OCtopus search, recommended books and peer-reviewed articles, and streaming media content.
In Canada, rural society has been shaped by geographic and cultural diversity and by population mobility. Canada was settled in a series of westward movements which created dispersed rural communities differentiated by their dependence on primary production (agriculture, FORESTRY, fishing or MINING), ethnic mix and time of settlement. ACADIAN communities in the Atlantic region are 150 years older than settlements in Alberta; landholding divisions in Lower Canada (see SEIGNEURIAL SYSTEM) are distinct from the "quarter sections" of the prairies.
Québec has often been identified with rural life, an identification based more on myth than fact. In 1890 Québec, like Ontario, was 90% rural, but by 1931 the majority of Québec's population was urban and by 1956 less than half the rural population worked in agriculture. In 1962 barely 4.
Urbanization is a complex process in which a country's population centres tend to become larger, more specialized and more interdependent over time. It arises from interacting economic, social, technological, demographic, political and environmental changes. Over 80 per cent of Canadians live in urban centres. The three largest cities are Toronto, Vancouver and Montréal.
In 2021, nearly three in four Canadians (73.7%) lived in one of Canada's large urban centres, up from 73.2% five years earlier. Canada continues to urbanize, and large urban centres benefit most from new arrivals to the country. From 2016 to 2019, Canada welcomed a record high number of immigrants, and more than nine in 10 settled in metropolitan areas.
OCtopus Search includes Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles
This link executes a search in OCtopus for the keyword urban-rural" or "urban rural" in Title, Canad* (Canada or Canadian or Canadians) AND Polit* (political,, politics, politicians, etc.) or Social and NOT the word oak. It will provide you with 54 search results. You can apply the filters and filed limiters by going to the Advanced Search function to further refine your search results.
By applying the filter, you will limit your search to peer-reviewed journal articles. By using the filter, you can select from a range of material types, books, reports, magazines, etc. Using the will display additional search filter options that will appear on the right hand side of your search results.
Before the Second World War, Canada was a rural country. Unlike most industrializing countries, Canada's rural population grew throughout the century after 1871 - even if it declined as a proportion of the total population. Rural Canadians also differed in their lives from rural populations elsewhere. In a country dominated by a harsh northern climate, a short growing season, isolated households and communities, and poor land, they typically relied on three ever-shifting pillars of support: the sale of cash crops, subsistence from the local environment, and wage work off the farm. Canada's Rural Majority is an engaging and accessible history of this distinctive experience, including not only Canada's farmers, but also the hunters, gardeners, fishers, miners, loggers, and cannery workers who lived and worked in rural Canada. Focusing on the household, the environment, and the community, Canada's Rural Majority is a compelling classroom resource and an invaluable overview of this understudied aspect of Canadian history.
Rural communities, often the first indicators of economic downturns, play an important role in planning for development and sustainability. Increasingly, these communities are compelled to reimagine the paths that lead not only to economic success, but also to the cultural, social, environmental, and institutional pillars of sustainability. As the contributors to this volume demonstrate, there are many examples of such innovation and creativity, and many communities that seek out new ways to build the collaboration, capacity, and autonomy necessary to survive and flourish.Contributors: Don Alexander, Kirstine Baccar, Michael Barr, Mary A. Beckie, Moira J. Calder, Meredith Carter, Yolande E. Chan, Sean Connelly, Jon Corbett, Anthony Davis, Jeff A. Dixon, David J.A. Douglas, Roger Epp, Kelly Green, Lars K. Hallström, Greg Halseth, Casey Hamilton, Karen Houle, Glen T. Hvenegaard, Melanie Irvine, Bernie Jones, Robert Keenan, Rhonda Koster, Ryan Lane, Sean Markey, Shelly McMann, L. Jane McMillan, Morgan E. Moffitt, Karen Morrison, Karsten Mündel, Craig Pollett, Kerry Prosper, Mark Roseland, Laura Ryser, Claire Sanders, Jennifer Sumner, Kelly Vodden, Marc von der Gonna, Shayne Wright.
Accounting for almost two-thirds of the country's land mass, northern Canada is a vast region, host to rich natural resources and a diverse cultural heritage shared across Indigenous and non-Indigenous residents. In this book, the authors analyse health and health care in northern Canada from a perspective that acknowledges the unique strengths, resilience, and innovation of northerners, while also addressing the challenges aggravated by contemporary manifestations of colonialism. Old and new forms of colonial programs and policies continue to create health and health care disparities in the North. Written by individuals who live in and study the region, Health and Health Care in Northern Canadautilizes case studies, interviews, photographs, and more, to highlight the lived experiences of northerners and the primary health issues that they face. In order to maintain resilience, improve the positive outcomes of health determinants, and diminish negative stereotypes, we must ensure that northerners - and their cultures, values, strengths, and leadership - are at the centre of the ongoing work to achieve social justice and health equity.
In recent decades growing inequality and polarization have been reshaping the social landscape of Canada's metropolitan areas, changing neighbourhoods and negatively affecting the lived realities of increasingly diverse urban populations. This book examines the dimensions and impacts of increased economic inequality and urban socio-spatial polarization since the 1980s. Based on the work of the Neighbourhood Change Research Partnership, an innovative national comparative study of seven major cities, the authors reveal the dynamics of neighbourhood change across the Canadian urban system. By mapping average income trends across neighbourhoods, they show the kinds of factors - social, economic, and cultural - that influenced residential options and redistributed concentrations of poverty and affluence. While the heart of the book lies in the project's findings from each city, other chapters provide critical context. Taken together, they offer important understandings of the depth and the breadth of the problem at hand and signal the urgency for concerted policy responses in the decades to come.
All countries have distinctive urban regions, but Canadian cities especially differ from one another in culture, structure, and history. Anthony Perl, Matt Hern, and Jeffrey Kenworthy reveal that despite the peculiarities and singular traits that each city embodies, a common logic has guided the development of transportation infrastructure across the country. Big Moves analyzes how Canada's three largest urban regions - Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver - have been shaped by the interplay of globalized imperatives, aspirations, activism, investment, and local development initiatives, both historically and in a contemporary context. Canadian urban development follows a distinct pattern that involves compromise between local viewpoints and values and the pursuit of global capital at particular historical junctures. As the authors show, the success or failure of each city to construct major mobility infrastructure has always depended on the timing of investments and the specific ways that cities have gained access to necessary capital. Drawing on urban mobility history and global city theory, this book delves into the details of the big moves that have affected transport infrastructure in major Canadian cities. Knowing where urban development will head in the twenty-first century requires understanding how cities' major mobility infrastructures were built. Big Moves explains the shape of Canada's three biggest cities and how their mix of expressways and rapid transit emerged.
Using a new measure of urbanity for every federal electoral district in Canada from 1896 to the present, this article describes the long-term development of the urban-rural divide in Canadian federal elections. We focus on three questions: (1) when the urban-rural divide has existed in Canada, identifying three main periods—the 1920s, the 1960s and 1993–present—in which the urban-rural cleavage has been especially important in federal elections; (2) where the urban-rural divide has existed, finding that in the postwar period the urban-rural cleavage is a pan-Canadian phenomenon; and (3) how well urbanity predicts district-level election outcomes. We argue that the urban-rural divide is important for understanding election outcomes during several periods of Canadian political development, and never more so than in recent decades. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for research on urban-rural cleavages, Canadian electoral politics and Canadian political development.
This OCtopus search is based on the keyword "urban-rural" in the title OR "urban rural" AND Canad* And politi*. The asterisk is used as a truncation mark to find variations of the keywords. Search results include Peer-reviewed journal articles, technical reports, and magazine and newspaper articles.
Streaming Media
Urban-Rural Divide: Health Care
Urban-Rural Divide: Guns
Urban-Rural Divide: Digital Divide
This section provides background information on the Glaciation and it's impact on the Canadian landscape, including background information, OCtopus search, recommended books and peer-reviewed articles, and webpages.
Glaciation is the formation, movement and recession of glaciers. Glaciation was much more extensive in the past, when much of the world was covered in large, continental ice sheets. Currently, glaciers cover about 10 per cent of the world's land area (14.9 million km2).
The Canadian Shield is an enormous circular landform in North America, stretching at least two million square miles across much of Canada. The shield was formed billions of years ago when plates in Earth's crust collided and pushed upward. Other natural forces, including glaciers and erosion, wore away at the exposed rock. In modern times, much of the rock is still exposed or covered by only thin layers of soil. The Canadian Shield is notable for its thousands of small lakes and heavily forested areas. Humans have lived in the region since prehistoric Aboriginal groups, and now the Shield is home to millions of Canadians. Canada values the shield region mostly for its natural resources, including lumber, minerals, and hydroelectric power derived from its rivers. Weathered Precambrian pillow lava in the Temagami greenstone belt of the Canadian Shield in Eastern Canada. By Black Tusk, CC BY 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), via Wikimedia Commons Taiga and Canadian Shield bedrock outcrops—typical of open space in and around Yellowknife, NT, Canada. By Daniel Case, CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0), via Wikimedia Commons
The Great Lakes are five bodies of water spanning the eastern United States and the southern Canadian border. Together, Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario comprise the largest group of lakes on Earth's surface, covering over 94,000 square miles (244,000 square kilometers), bordered by approximately 10,9000 miles (17,549 kilometers) of shoreline, and containing an estimated 35,000 islands. This one continuous drainage basin spans 750 miles (1,200 kilometers) and contains one-fifth of the world's surface freshwater, totaling 6 quadrillion gallons of fresh water. Their combined surface area is larger than the combined surface area of the US states of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Vermont, and New Hampshire. The Great Lakes are framed by the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, New York, and Pennsylvania, and the provinces of Quebec and Ontario. The United States has more shoreline on the Great Lakes than it has on the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico combined. Michigan's 2,232 miles (3,592 kilometers) of shoreline is second only to Alaska's. The longest suspension bridge in the world, the Mackinac Bridge, spans Lake Michigan and Lake Huron across the Straits of Mackinac. Finished in 1957, the bridge is 5 miles (8 kilometers) long and rises 552 feet (168 meters).
Octopus Search
This link executes a search in OCtopus for the keyword Glaci* (Glacier, Glaciation, Glaciated, etc.) in Title and Canad* (Canada, Canadian, etc.) in Title, and Landscape anywhere in the record.
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Travel through ancient history, visualise the volcanism in the Okanagan, imagine mountain building forces, envision the landscape 12,000 years ago when Glacial Lake Penticton stretched for two hundred kilometres or more, and discover the beginnings of present day Okanagan Lake and area. These are just a few of the fascinating subjects in this account of Okanagan geology.
This companion volume to the highly successful Okanagan Geology, focuses on the unique geologic features of the South Okanagan - features not present anywhere else in the Okanagan region. Roadside geologic maps and descriptions of each of the townsites from Summerland to Osoyoos, (also White Lake), form the “heart” of this new book. From a discussion of the Okanagan Valley fault, to geology and its relationship to wine terroir, the book covers a wide range of topics that show how the land upon which we live and work - tells a powerful story of natural forces and geologic history. Also included in the book: - A history of early geologic exploration traces how changing theories have led to plate tectonics that modern geologists now employ. - Geologic highlights of Osoyoos, Oliver, White Lake basin, Okanagan Falls, Penticton, Naramata and Summerland - Geological disasters and near-disasters such as the Testalinden Creek debris torrent and the rock fracture that closed Hwy 97 for three weeks in October, 2008. - A review of historic gold mining reveals that it was surprisingly lucrative in today’s dollars. - Water is a major topic of concern in the south Okanagan and is addressed here. A companion chapter on groundwater, the only future water source, presents ideas to assist exploration and calls for a far more regulated groundwater industry. The book has over 150 colour illustrations, is written in a non-technical manner and will be of interest to anyone curious about the many spectacular landforms, lakes and streams of the south Okanagan Valley.
The Canadian Prairies, one of Canada's most productive agricultural regions, was the direct result of glaciation. It is a vast region with a cool and generally dry climate, strongly influenced by the mountains on
the west and the northern latitude. Regular variation in climate influences the kind of natural vegetation, in turn
resulting in regular or zonal changes in soil. Soils range from Brown Chernozems in the dry Mixed Grassland to Black
Chernozems in the moister Aspen Parkland and Gray Luvisols in forested regions. Within soil zones, regular
differences in the kind of soil depend upon other soil-forming factors, particularly the kind of geological deposit
(parent material), topography, time, the influence of ground water, and the impact of humans on soil. Soil is part of
nature and its properties and occurrence can be related to those natural and human factors influencing both its
formation and present-day processes.
Despite their rather similar climatic conditions, eastern Eurasia and northern North America are largely covered by different plant functional types (deciduous or evergreen boreal forest) composed of larch or pine, spruce and fir, respectively. I propose that these deciduous and evergreen boreal forests represent alternative quasi‐stable states, triggered by their different northern tree refugia that reflect the different environmental conditions experienced during the Last Glacial. Evidence: This view is supported by palaeoecological and environmental evidence. Once established, Asian larch forests are likely to have stabilized through a complex vegetation–fire–permafrost soil–climate feedback system. Conclusion: With respect to future forest developments, this implies that Asian larch forests are likely to be governed by long‐term trajectories and are therefore largely resistant to natural climate variability on time‐scales shorter than millennia. The effects of regional human impact and anthropogenic global warming might, however, cause certain stability thresholds to be crossed, meaning that irreversible transitions occur and resulting in marked consequences for ecosystem services on these human‐relevant time‐scales.
A glacier is a large body of ice that forms on land where the accumulation of snow and its densification into ice exceeds ablation (melting, sublimation and mechanical calving) over many years. Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses caused by their weight.
Glaciers have played a significant role in Canada’s landscape, shaping valleys and eroding landscapes across the area. Glacial activity has also had a notable impact on the ability to locate and extract mineral deposits.
The most important period in Canada’s soil formation was the final glaciation. In North America, this final episode is informally called the Wisconsinan glaciation.
Glaciers form in locations where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often decades or centuries. On Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in polar regions (primarily the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets), but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges of every continent except Australia. In the tropics, glaciers occur only at high elevations.
This section provides background information on the impact of the construction of the Transcontinental Railways on Canada's development and history. It includes background information, an OCtopus search, recommended books, and peer-reviewed articles.
The Canadian Pacific Railway, linking the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Canada, was formally completed on November 7, 1885, when financier Donald Smith drove the last railroad spike during a ceremony at Eagle Pass, British Columbia. The entry of British Columbia into Canada on July 20, 1871, had sparked the construction of the railway, since a condition for that province's joining the union was the Canadian government's promise of building a railroad linking the Atlantic with British Columbia on the Pacific. The railroad presented many obvious advantages beyond just the political ones—primarily the facilitation of trade across the continent, and with Asia across the Pacific, and the opening up of the interior of Canada to settlement.
Canadian Pacific Kansas City (CPKC) was formed in March 2023 as Canadian Pacific and Kansas City Southern merged, creating a unique, single-line network of railways connecting three nations. Formerly Canadian Pacific Railway Ltd., the was headquartered in Calgary, Alberta, with a second location beginning construction in Kansas in 2023. The company has historically offered logistics and supply-chain solutions to businesses in both countries. In 2020, the company reported 7.71 billion in total revenue.
Canadian National Railway Company (CN) was formed by the amalgamation of two of the largest but financially beleaguered railroads in Canada, the Canadian Northern and Grand Trunk, which were merged along with two other government-run rail companies, Intercolonial and National Transcontinental, in 1919. CN was incorporated as a Crown Corporation, which is a wholly owned government entity with an autonomous management body.
OCtopus Search
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When, in the late 1980s, the federal government initiated a plan to deregulate the Canadian railway system, lobby groups protested the betrayal of a national mandate. They asserted that the railway was founded to promote a sense of national identity, to provide access to isolated regions of the country, and to ensure a transnational exchange of goods and ideas. In The Philosophy of Railways, A.A. den Otter considers the relationship between nationalism and technology, and shows how the popular rhetoric surrounding the evolution of the Canadian Pacific Railway has mythologized the role of a private corporation and its technology. He questions the notion that the railways were built as an antidote to American manifest destiny, suggesting instead that the widespread adoption of railway transportation as a civilizing mission impelled Canadians to bow to technology's integrating effects, including confederation and closer ties with the United States. The study begins by looking at the intellectual climate that spawned the Canadian railway idea, revealing that this idea was strongly influenced by a combination of British and American liberalism, a philosophy that saw technology as the means to destroy trade barriers. In fact, during the mid-nineteenth century, Canadians preferred to build transportation links to the American seaboard rather than to Saint John or Halifax, and this created a deep-seated alienation in the country's peripheral regions. Not only does den Otter include the Maritimes in his analysis, but he employs a careful reading of national documents including assembly debates, the private correspondence of major political figures, and newspaper commentary to contextualize the public debate. By investigating the complex and ambiguous process by which the Canadian railway system both consolidated national identity and facilitated continental integration, The Philosophy of Railwaysestablishes that isolationism, until relatively recently, was not the unilateral stance of those committed to the growth of the railway.
In 1871, a tiny nation, just four years old—it's population well below the 4 million mark—determined that it would build the world's longest railroad across empty country, much of it unexplored. This decision—bold to the point of recklessness—was to change the lives of every man, woman and child in Canada and alter the shape of the nation.
Winner of the 2005 Ottawa Book Award for Non-fiction , the 2005 University of British Columbia Award for Best Canadian Biography, and the Canadian Railroad Historical Association Award for Best Railway Book of the Year. William Van Horne was one of North America's most accomplished men. Born in Illinois in 1843, he became a prominent railway figure in the United States before coming to Canada in 1881 to become general manager of the fledgling Canadian Pacific Railway. Van Horne pushed through construction of the CPR's transcontinental line and went on to become company president. He also became one of Canada's foremost financiers and art collectors, capping his career by opening Cuba's interior with a railway.
The article focuses on Chinese laborers helped build a series of transcontinental railroads in North America, ranging from the Central Pacific Railroad in the U.S. to the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR). It mentions experiences of Chinese migrants, but also their triumphant adventures and voluntary migration from their homeland and the development of their networks. It also mentions CPR's labor contractors from China and construction of the transcontinental line.
This section provides information on the peoplingof Canada (immigration). It includes background information, an OCtopus search, recommended books, and peer-reviewed articles.
Canada became a nation on July 1, 1867. At that time, the ethnic composition of the new country was largely homogeneous: The majority of citizens were of British (English, Scottish, Welsh, and Irish) or French origin, the latter almost entirely centered in the province of Quebec. Immigration policy in the early years of Canadian history reflected the country’s British roots. The immigration policy between 1867 and 1896, however, also largely proved a failure. A depression discouraged immigrants from making the voyage to the new nation. Many of the immigrants who did arrive (almost exclusively from the British Isles and Northern Europe) simply used Canada as a stopping-off point before moving to the United States. In several years during the 1870s and 1880s, Canada barely managed to maintain its population, let alone increase it. Racial and ethnic demographics;in Canada[Canada] European immigration to Canada: 1867-present
Immigration policy is the way the government controls via laws and regulations who gets to come and settle in Canada. Since Confederation, immigration policy has been tailored to grow the population, settle the land, and provide labour and financial capital for the economy. Immigration policy also tends to reflect the racial attitudes or national security concerns of the time which has also led to discriminatory restrictions on certain migrant groups.
According to the 2016 census, nearly 21.9% of Canada’s population was born abroad. As of 2010, Canada was the G8 country with the highest proportion of immigrants, ahead of Germany (13%) and the United States (12.9%). (See also Canada and the United States.) Canada not only has been built on immigration, but has prospered from it. The way that new immigrants are welcomed and integrated into Canadian society, along with Canada’s economic situation, make Canada a country of choice for emigrants from around the world.
The distinction is often made between the immigration policy of Quebec, that of Canada (see Immigration Policy in Canada) and that of other provinces. The particularities of the Québécois policy are essentially rooted in history, language, and culture. Despite these differences, immigration plays just as important a role in the Québécois society as it does elsewhere in the country. From 2015 to 2019, Quebec welcomed almost 250,000 permanent immigrants.
Annually, through its key lines of business, IRCC interacts with millions of individuals, including those seeking temporary or permanent resident entry into Canada and subsequently settling into Canadian society, and those pursuing Canadian citizenship. The Department is responsible for passport services in support of individuals seeking to obtain or renew a Canadian passport or other travel document such as a certificate of identity or a refugee travel document.
IRCC works to facilitate the legitimate entry of visitors, economic immigrants, sponsored family members and those seeking protection in Canada, while protecting the health, safety and security of Canadians. The Department balances competing pressures, notably: responding to domestic labour market demands and an increasingly mobile work force; contributing to overall economic growth; and streamlining service delivery and enhancing the client experience, while responding to increasingly complex safety and security challenges. In addition, to ensure the successful integration of newcomers into the Canadian economy and society, IRCC engages regularly and extensively with federal partners, provinces and territories, as well as other stakeholders on a variety of key immigration-related topics, such as immigration levels planning, economic immigration, and settlement and integration of newcomers, including refugees and protected persons.
OCtopus Search
This link executes a search in OCtopus for the keyword immigr* AND Canad* in Title.
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This open access book brings together different perspectives on migration and the city that are usually discussed separately, to show the special character of the urban context as a territorial and political space where people coexist, whether by choice or necessity. Drawing on heterogeneous situations in cities in different world regions (including Europe, North America, the Middle East, South, Southeast and East Asia and the Asia Pacific) contributions to this volume examine how migration and the urban context interact in the twenty-first century. The book is structured in four parts. The first looks at cities as hubs of cultural creativity, exploring the many dimensions of cultural diversity and identity as they are negotiated in the urban context. The second focuses on what lies outside the large urban centres of today, notably suburbs, while the third part engages with migration and diversity in small and mid-sized cities, many of which have adopted strategies to welcome growing numbers of migrants. Last but not least, the fourth part looks at the challenges and opportunities that asylum-seeking and irregular migration flows bring to cities. By providing a variety of empirical cases based on various world regions, this book is a valuable resource for researchers, students and policy makers.
Over the two decades following the Second World War, the policy that would create "a nation of immigrants," as Canadian multiculturalism is now widely understood, was debated, drafted, and implemented. The established narrative of postwar immigration policy as a tepid mixture of altruism and national self-interest does not fully explain the complex process of policy transformation during that period. In The Least Possible Fuss and Publicity Paul Evans recounts changes to Canada's postwar immigration policy and the events, ideas, and individuals that propelled that change. Through extensive primary research in the archives of federal departments and the parliamentary record, together with contemporary media coverage, the correspondence of politicians and policy-makers, and the statutes that set immigration policy, Evans reconstructs the formation of a modern immigration bureaucracy, the resistance to reform from within, and the influence of racism and international events. He shows that political concerns remained uppermost in the minds of policy-makers, and those concerns - more than economic or social factors - provided the major impetus to change. In stark contrast to today, legislators and politicians strove to keep the evolution of the national immigration strategy out of the public eye: University of Toronto law professor W.G. Friedmann remarked in a 1952 edition of Saturday Night, "In Canada, both the government and the people have so far preferred to let this immigration business develop with the least possible fuss and publicity." This is the story, told largely in their own words, of politicians and policy-makers who resisted change and others who saw the future and seized upon it. The Least Possible Fuss and Publicity is a clear account of how postwar immigration policy transformed, gradually opening the border to groups who sought to make Canada home.
Canadian immigration policy is widely considered successful in terms of policy endurance, process, programs, and politics. Canada’s focus on the recruitment of economic immigrants has been successful in a programmatic sense, while also maintaining the support of key stakeholders, enabling process success, and addressing political debates, enhancing political success. Favouring resettlement over asylum in refugee policy has addressed concerns over the abuse of the immigration system, while maintaining the support of stakeholders that benefit from the policy’s innovative private sponsorship provisions. Effective policy design is, however, only part of the story. Three contingent factors also stand behind Canada’s successful immigration policy. First, Canada’s isolated geography limits flows of asylum seekers and other unwanted immigrants. Second, the substantial power vested in the federal executive branch has enabled Canadian governments to respond to flows of unwanted migrants quickly. Third, the unplanned interaction of immigration settlement patterns, citizenship policy, and Canada’s electoral system has helped sustain a pro-immigration consensus among Canada’s major political parties. The importance of contingent factors in the success of Canadian immigration policy limits its portability. Even where policy design can be imitated, Canada’s reliance on strong executive-led actions to limit unwanted migration raises normative concerns that problematize our understanding of success in immigration policy.
Under the terms of the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885, Canada implemented a vast protocol for acquiring detailed personal information about Chinese migrants. Among the bewildering array of state documents used in this effort were CI 9s: issued from 1885 to 1953, they included date of birth, place of residence, occupation, identifying marks, known associates, and, significantly, identification photographs. The originals were transferred to microfilm and destroyed in 1963; more than 41,000 grainy reproductions of CI 9s remain. Lily Cho explores how the CI 9s functioned as a form of surveillance and a process of mass capture that produced non-citizens, revealing the surprising dynamism of non-citizenship constantly regulated and monitored, made and remade, by an anxious state. The first mass use of identification photography in Canada, they make up the largest archive of images of Chinese migrants in the country, including people who stood no chance of being photographed otherwise. But CI 9s generated far more information than could be processed, and there is nothing straightforward about the knowledge that they purported to contain. Cho finds traces of alternate forms of kinship in the archive as well as evidence of the ways that families were separated. In attending to the particularities of these images and documents, Mass Capture uncovers the alternative story that lies in the refusals and resistances enacted by the mass captured. Illustrated with painstakingly reconstituted digital reproductions of the microfilm record, Mass Capture reclaims the CI 9s as more than documents of racist repression, suggesting the possibilities for beauty and dignity in the archive, for captivation as well as capture.
Fragile Freedoms is an historical examination of the treatment of a significant number of minorities in Canada. Mr. Justice Thomas Berger believes that Canada’s record with respect to minorities is unspectacular. He says that as Canadians, we have “no justification for being smug” but on the other hand have “no reason to flagellate ourselves”. Nonetheless, Berger is optimistic. He hopes that, because of his examination, Canadians will come to “understand better what kind o f world must be created to foster human rights and fundamental freedoms”.
The article explores the experiences of Chinese immigrants in Canada. Particular focus is given to how the Chinese arrived in Canada in 1788 to build a trading post. Additional topics discussed include the colonial history of Canada and its contemporary treatment of immigrants, Chinese immigrants' role in helping to build the Canadian Pacific Railway, and the enactment of The Chinese Immigration Act (often referred to as the Exclusion Act) in 1923 and its repeal in 1947.
Canada has been increasing allocation to the Provincial Nominee Program in the immigration target total. Regionalisation of immigration has been an ongoing transformation of migration management since the 1990s, making the immigration policy domain progressively fragmented. Adopting a policy diffusion framework, I examine 30 regional immigration streams designed to attract and retain international students. Competing for the best, provinces distinguish and privilege certain student groups, creating a diverse policy landscape, yet simultaneously, many provincial policies resemble each other, creating common student immigration scenarios. I argue that in competition for talent, provinces (a) create very similar streams and, while aspiring to differentiate, (b) impose more restrictions than the federal programs. With the shift in authority, provinces gained the freedom to not only design custom migration policies but also to deviate from the original purpose of provincial programs—to complement, not compete! —with the federal ones.
This section provides background information on the impact of the Energy sector on regional areas of Canada, including background information, statistical data, webpages, and streaming media content.
Parliament of Canada and the provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba and Saskatchewan in 1930 to transfer control over crown lands and natural resources within these provinces from the Government of Canada to the provincial governments. Unlike the other Canadian provinces, Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan had not been given control over their natural resources when they entered Confederation. British Columbia had surrendered certain portions of its natural resources and Crown lands to the federal government, the Railway Belt and the Peace River Block when it entered Confederation in 1871 as part of the agreement to build the transcontinental railway. Following protracted negotiations, in 1930, the Government of Canada and the four provinces reached a series of agreements for the transfer of the administration of natural resources to the provincial governments, called the Natural Resources Transfer Agreements. Parliament and the four provincial legislatures then passed acts to implement the agreements. This led to the British Parliament passing the Constitution Act of 1930.
On 19 May 1982, the governor-in-council asked the Supreme Court of Canada whether Canada (the federal government) or Newfoundland has the right to explore and exploit the mineral and other natural resources of the seabed and subsoil of the Continental Shelf in the area of offshore Newfoundland approximately 320 km east-southeast of St John's, and whether Canada or Newfoundland has legislative jurisdiction to make laws in relation to such exploration and exploitation
What level of government in Canada controls the resources in the continental shelf region adjacent to Canada? The government of Canada exclusively controls such resources located in the continental shelf regions off Canada's coast. and confirmed in a Supreme Court of Canada ruling.
All orders of government (Indigenous, federal, provincial and local) have jurisdiction in coastal and marine areas
in Canadian law, and each has an important role to play in coastal and marine planning, protection
management, and enforcement. Indigenous peoples also have sovereign powers over their territories and
Indigenous laws apply to those territories as well as Canadian laws.
Mineral and hydrocarbon resources: The federal and provincial government each have jurisdiction over
resource extraction in British Columbia's marine waters, depending on where the resources are
located. The province owns undersea hydrocarbons and minerals as part of its ownership of the
province’s inland waters and submerged lands beneath them, which includes the area between the
mainland and Vancouver Island. The federal government has authority over offshore oil and gas
regulation and any undersea mining in the seabed and subsoil of the territorial sea zone, and the
exclusive economic zone (EEZ).v There are, however, longstanding federal and provincial moratoriums
on offshore oil and gas on the Pacific Coast.
Canada is rich in energy supply—including large hydroelectric reservoirs in British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec, hydrocarbon resources in western Canada and offshore of the East Coast, uranium deposits in northern Saskatchewan, and abundant wind and solar potential across the whole country. This wealth of resources ranks Canada in 2023 as the fifth largest natural gas producer, fourth largest crude oil producer, third largest hydroelectricity producer and fourteenth largest renewable electricity generator. Energy is also a significant driver of the Canadian economy, contributing roughly 11.8% of gross domestic product in 2022 and directly employing over 290,300 people.Footnote
The Canadian oil sands (or tar sands) are a large area of petroleum extraction from bitumen, located primarily along the Athabasca River with its centre of activity close to Fort McMurray in Alberta, approximately 400 km northeast of the provincial capital, Edmonton. Increased global energy demand, high petroleum dependency and geopolitical conflict in key oil producing regions has driven the exploration of unconventional oil sources since the 1970s which, paired with advances in the field of petroleum engineering, has continued to make bitumen extraction economically profitable at a time of rising oil prices. Oil sands are called “unconventional” oil because the extraction process is more difficult than extracting from liquid (“conventional”) oil reserves, causing higher costs of production and increased environmental concerns.
Saskatchewan's nearly $1 billion-a-year uranium industry made Canada the world's second-largest producer in 2022, according to World Nuclear Association (WNA) data. This puts the province ahead of previous frontrunners including Namibia and Australia. In 2021, Canada ranked third, while Kazakhstan has consistently placed first.
ECL is responsible for coordinating the Federal Nuclear Science and Technology Work Plan and works with CNL to enable it to leverage the expertise and capabilities at the Chalk River Laboratories to provide technical services and research and development products for third parties on a commercial basis.
The Chalk River Laboratories are Canada’s largest science and technology complex. More than 2,800 people work there, including a large number of engineers, scientists and technical staff. The site is managed and operated by Canadian Nuclear Laboratories on behalf of AECL. Important investments are being made by AECL to revitalize the Chalk River Laboratories and transform it in to a modern, world-class nuclear science and technology campus.
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The Canadian Centre for Energy Information (CCEI) is a convenient one-stop virtual shop for independent and trusted information on energy in Canada. Currently, the website provides links to over 950 products from dozens of governmental and non-governmental sources from across Canada. It will continue to expand publicly available data and analysis to ensure that all Canadians have access to centralized energy information that is easy for a wide range of data users to understand. The CCEI is a partnership between Statistics Canada and Natural Resources Canada, in collaboration with Environment and Climate Change Canada and the Canada Energy Regulator.
In 2023, the sector directly employed over 150,000 Canadians. Statistics Canada estimates that for every direct job in the oil and natural gas industry, two indirect jobs and three induced jobs are created. When direct, indirect, and induced jobs are combined, the oil and natural gas sector employs or supports employment for about 900,000 people in Canada. The average total compensation for workers directly employed in the oil and natural gas industry is 2.2 times higher than the average for all Canadian workers regardless of industry.
The gravitational pull of the moon and sun, along with the rotation of the earth, creates tides in the oceans. In some places, tides cause water levels near the shore to rise and fall up to 40 feet. One such place Canada's Bay of Fundy
Sustainable Marine Energy — a company with operations in Nova Scotia, Scotland and Germany — told the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) it wouldn’t be following through on its proposed tidal project following years of back and forth with the department. And some in the industry say it’s an issue that is hindering tidal power expansion as a whole.
In 2023, Canada ranked 9th in Wind generated power.
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How was Oil and Gas Created
How was Coal Created
The Canadian Tar Sands
This section provides background information on the City of Toronto, including background information, statistical data, books, peer-reviewed articles, and streaming media content.
This section provides background information on Hydro-Quebec's importance and impact in Quebec and North America, the James Bay Projects and their impact on Indigenous people and environment, and interprovincial relations with Newfoundland and Labrador. Included background information, statistical data, OCtopus search, webpages, and streaming media content.
Hydro-Quebec operates the largest electricity transmission network in North America.
Close to 100% of the electricity Hydro-Québec distributes to its customers is generated from renewable resources, which makes it one of the lowest greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters in the global power generation and transmission sector.
In 1971, Hydro-Québec and the government of Quebec initiated the James Bay Project, a monumental hydroelectric-power development on the east coast of James Bay. ( See also Hydroelectricity in Canada.) Over the course of two phases, a total of eight generating stations were built, allowing for the pollution-free production of a significant portion of Quebec’s electricity. However, the project also profoundly disrupted the environment and the Indigenous communities living in the region, the effects of which are still being felt today.
March 13, 2021: They call it “the day the sun brought darkness.” On March 13, 1989, a powerful coronal mass ejection (CME) hit Earth’s magnetic field. Ninety seconds later, the Hydro-Québec power grid failed. During the 9 hour blackout that followed, millions of Quebecois found themselves with no light or heat, wondering what was going on?
The hydro electric generation potential of Churchill Falls was identified since the late 19th century. In 1954 with the completion of the completion of the Quebec, North Shore and Labrador Railway and the development of long-distance electric-power transmission technology by Hydro-Québec, that the project became feasible. Negotiations described as being long and difficult were not concluded between governments of Newfoundland and Québec (through which the power would have to pass) were not completed until 1969. The contract provided for the sale of 5.2 million kW per year of power to Hydro-Québec for 40 years at a price of under 3 mills (three-tenths of one cent) per kWh. Hydro-Québec has the option to renew for another 25 years at only 2 mills per kWh. The payment considerations set out in the contract with Hydro Quebec lead to serious degrading in relations between provinces Newfoundland and Quebec. A 1990 study commissioned by Quebec's Crees estimated that Hydro-Quebec buys Churchill Falls power for less than $80-million a year and pockets $800-million in profit. ( in 1990 Churchill Falls power generation accounted for about 17 per cent of the Hydro-Quebec's overall supply.).
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Hydro-Quebec (Hydro-Quebec or “the company”) is a state-owned company involved in the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity. It generates most of its electricity from hydro sources, with low greenhouse gas emissions. It also sells power on wholesale markets in northeastern North America. Hydro-Quebec also supports the development of electricity using other technologies such as biomass and wind energy and generates renewable energy by using hydro sources. It also designs, constructs, and renovates the generation and transmission facilities, primarily for Hydro-Quebec Production and Hydro-Quebec TransEnergie. The company distributes electricity to commercial, residential, institutional, and industrial customers. Hydro-Quebec has operations in the US and Canada. The company is headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.Key Facts
The first mega-scale hydro project to be built in the sub-Arctic, capable of generating as much electricity as fifteen nuclear power plants, its impact includes disruption of vast areas in an extremely fragile ecosystem as well as displacement of native peoples and the introduction of dangerous levels of mercury into their food supply. The debate over these complex environmental issues has been further complicated by political issues stemming from the importance of the project to the economic development of Quebec and the sale of at least ten percent of the electricity generated the United States. The contributors examine core issues of the controversy both in relation to James Bay and to other large hydroelectric projects, such as the Aswan dam in Egypt and the Three Gorges dam in China. Providing insights from an unusual variety of disciplines, the authors offer important considerations that must be taken into account as Quebec assesses additional phases of hydroelectric development of the watershed east of Hudson Bay. Contributors include Raymond B. Coppinger (Hampshire College), Bill Dale Roebuck (Dartmouth Medical School), Will Ryan (Hampshire College), Adrian Tanner (Memorial University), Stanley L. Warner (Hampshire College), Kessler E. Woodward (University of Alaska), and Oran R. Young (Dartmouth College).
This peer-reviewed article examines selected aspects of the implementation of a comprehensive land claim agreement called the James Bay Agreement in Canada. Historical setting for the agreement; Challenge of determining amount of Cree land surrendered; Environmental protection provisions; Education provisions.
The world's most extensive hydropower project has already disrupted rivers, wildlife and the traditions of Quebec's Indigenous people. The James Bay project was the dream of former Quebec's Premier, Robert Bourassa. Planning for the project began in 1971. The project envisioned a power network that would ensure Quebec’s economic independence and help to support Quebec society. Initially, the only serious opposition to the project came from the Cree Nation of Eeyou Istchee (Cree Nation), who claimed aboriginal rights to the land. In 1973 the Indians lost a major battle: a Quebec appeals court decided that construction on the project was too far along to stop and that the needs of millions of the province's residents outweighed the concerns of a few thousand natives. In 1975 the Eeyou Istchee reluctantly ceded rights to lands affected by the power project in return for an agreement that gave them cash compensation (which will eventually total more than $300 million), exclusive hunting and fishing rights, to 75,000 sq km (29,000 sq. mi.) of land and the right to have a Say in future projects. The Eeyou Istchee today consider that the Hydro-Quebec, the governments of Quebec and Canada have not lived up to the agreement.
Environmental contaminant exposure from traditional food consumption presents a risk for Indigenous youth (i.e., children and adolescents) who live in northern Canada; however, there are few studies targeting this demographic. Essential (Co, Cr, Mn, and Se) and non-essential (As, Cd, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Sb) metals and metalloids, and fourteen polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) congeners in 229 tissue samples of traditionally consumed foods were analyzed (i.e., birds, fish, and large mammals) using the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme protocol. Deterministic and probabilistic Monte Carlo risk assessments were used to estimate the risk of exposure to contaminants via the consumption of traditional foods; a maximum cumulative ratio calculation (MCR) to assess the risk of a varied diet of traditional foods for metals and metalloids was also carried out. There was a probabilistic risk of exposure to Hg from the consumption of pike, sucker, and walleye for children; the MCR supported the result that the risk was due mainly to Hg. Dietary exposure to PCB congener 153 (PCB-153) was primarily due to the consumption of pike and sucker. There was also a risk of exposure to three other PCB congeners (PCB-101, -180, -187) from the consumption of sucker. Our assessment indicates a risk of exposure to Hg and certain PCBs; however, the actual risk of exposure varies with season, differences in traditional food consumption, and local levels of the toxicant. Therefore, monitoring and communicating information to affected communities on an annual basis is recommended.
Almost all of Hydro-Québec’s electricity supply comes from renewable energies generated in Québec, either by Hydro-Québec itself or by independent power producers, as well as from the hydropower generated by Churchill Falls generating station, which is located in Labrador and partly owned by Hydro-Québec. This means that less than 1% of the electricity consumed in Québec comes from other out-of-province sources.
In the late 1950s and beginning of 1960s, industrialization in the southern regions began to have a significant impact on the Cree, the animal populations on which they depended, and the ecosystems in the region. Expanding road and railroad networks and intensive natural resource development such as forestry and mining brought new non-Aboriginal people in the area. Towns such as Val d’Or and Chibougameau were incorporated at the time disrupting many hunting territories. Road traffic, chemical spraying and pollution from mine waste and pulp and paper mills forced the Cree to reduce fish consumption and change hunting patterns as well as a imposed a semi-forced transition to a wage economy.
Streaming Media
Some of the content in these videos includes inappropriate language, negative depictions and mistreatment of people or cultures. These stereotypes were wrong then and are wrong now. Rather than censoring this content, settler culture needs to acknowledge its harmful impact, learn from it, and initiate dialogue and learning to create a more inclusive future together. Through this, we can grow, help the people impacted to heal and feel safe, and make sure such wrongs never again occur in the future.
This section provides background information on the Climate Changes impact of Canadian Agriculture, including background information, statistical data, books, peer-reviewed articles, and streaming media content.
This section provides background information on British Columbia Coastal Geography—Managing Fisheries and Marine Resources, including settlement, economics, transportation systems, and the impact on Indigenous people.
Clayoquot Sound on the west coast of Vancouver Island is not only a place of extraordinary raw beauty, but also a region with a rich heritage and fascinating past. Tofino and Clayoquot Sound delves into all facets of the region's history, bringing to life the chronicle that started with the dramatic upheavals of geological formation and continues to the present day. The book tours through the history of the Hesquiaht, Ahousaht and Tla-o-qui-aht as well as other nations that inhabited the area in earlier times. It documents the arrival of Spanish, British and American traders on the coast and their avid greed for sea otter pelts. It follows the development of the huge fur seal industry and its profound impact on the coast. It tracks the establishment of reserve lands and two residential schools. The coming of World War II is discussed, as is the installation of a large Air Force base near Tofino, which changed the town and area dramatically. From here the story spirals into the post-road period. With gravel and asphalt came tourism, newcomers, the counter-culture of the 1960s, the establishment of Pacific Rim National Park and, of course, surfing. The book also addresses logging--which became the main industry in the area--and its questionable practices, going into detail about the War in the Woods: the world-famous conflict and largest mass arrest in Canadian history. A place is shaped by its people, and Horsfield and Kennedy highlight notable figures of past and present: the merchants, missionaries, sealers and settlers; the eternally optimistic prospectors; the Japanese fishermen and their families; the hippies; the storm- and whale-watchers; the Indigenous elders and leaders. Offering an overall survey of the history of the area, Tofino and Clayoquot Sound is extensively researched and illustrated with historic photos and maps; it evokes the spirit and culture of the area and illuminates how the past has shaped the present.
Chapter 16: Boat Days provided a good overview of the Coastal Steamer era that much of the West Coast depended on for their transportation needs.
It is not mere coincidence that two-thirds of the population of British Columbia occupies lands bordering its great inland sea, the Strait of Georgia, and connected waterways collectively known as the North Salish Sea. Averaging forty kilometres in width and stretching some three hundred kilometres from Vancouver and Victoria in the south to Powell River and Campbell River in the north, the North Salish Sea has long sheltered a bounty of habitable lands and rich maritime resources ideal for human settlement. While the region's intricate shoreline of peninsulas, promontories, estuaries and plains has been occupied by human communities for millennia, the last century and a half has been an unprecedented age of rapid colonization, industrialization and globalization. Many books have been written about individual communities and industries around the great waterway, but none have examined the region as a geographical unit with its own dynamic systems, which can best be understood as an interrelated whole. The Strait of Georgia has influenced human affairs, even as people have changed the Strait, in a complex relationship that continues today. British colonization and the commodification of the Strait's resources launched a resource rush around the sea that began in earnest in the decades before the First World War, often at the expense of Indigenous populations. Coal mining developed earliest and grew rapidly. Fishing, lumbering and metal mining were also established by the 1880s and soon experienced exponential growth. From the earliest salmon canneries to today's cruise ship industry, all have depended on the Strait to ensure economic prosperity and the easy movement of people and goods. As competition for space and resources increases, and as the effects of climate change are amplified, the pressure on this ecologically vulnerable area will only intensify. If this precious sea is to be passed to future generations with any semblance of its inherent richness and diversity intact, then it will need to be effectively managed and vigorously defended. The first step is to understand the complex story of the region, making this essential reading not only for history buffs but anyone with an interest in the future of British Columbia.
Taming the Greatest Navigational Hazard on the West Coast of North America
This short film shows a complicated three-year engineering project leading to the destruction of Ripple Rock, a deathtrap in the shipping lane between Vancouver Island and the mainland. Also shown are tunnelling beneath the ocean floor of Seymour Narrows, the placing of the explosives and a close-up view of the successful explosion in 1958.
Britannia was discovered in 1888, began production in 1905, and after nearly 70 years of underground operation produced more copper than any other mine in British Columbia. At one time it was the largest copper mine in the British Empire. Britannia survived the Great Depression, labour shortages brought on by two world wars, and several natural disasters. For most of its life Britannia was owned by the Howe Sound Company of New York, which was formed in 1903 for the purpose of financing the development of the mine. In 1963 it was purchased by Anaconda Canada Limited, which operated the mine until closure in 1974.
Landing Native Fisheries reveals the contradictions and consequences of an Indian land policy premised on access to fish, on one hand, and a program of fisheries management intended to open the resource to newcomers, on the other. Beginning with the first treaties signed on Vancouver Island between 1850 and 1854, Douglas Harris maps the connections between the colonial land policy and the law governing the fisheries. In so doing, Harris rewrites the history of colonial dispossession in British Columbia, offering a new and nuanced examination of the role of law in the consolidation of power within the colonial state.
North Pacific National Film Board documentary from 1974 provides a historical look into the challenges faced by the North Pacific fishery.
This section provides background information on the development and impact tourism in Atlantic Canada, including background information and statistical data, books, peer-reviewed articles, reports, and webpages.
Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick and Newfoundland constitute the Atlantic provinces of Canada, a region that in 2016 accounted for 6 per cent of Canada’s gross domestic product (GDP). The economic history of what is now Atlantic Canada begins with the hunting, farming and trading societies of the Indigenous peoples. Following the arrival of Europeans in the 16th century, the economy has undergone a series of seismic shifts, marked by the early Atlantic fishery, the transcontinental fur trade, then rapid urbanization, industrialization and technological change.
OCtopus Search - Atlantic Canada Tourism
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The Atlantic Canada UNESCO Tourism Corridor is one of three corridors supported through Destination Canada’s Tourism Corridor Strategy Program. Three of Canada’s Atlantic provinces—New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador—are home to more than a dozen United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) sites, which contribute to pride of place and form a network of unique landscapes, rich cultural history, and diverse offerings.
Before 2020, when Covid-19 brought the global economy to a halt, hospitality and tourism was one of the world’s leading and fastest-growing economic sectors. The global hospitality and tourism sector grew for the ninth consecutive year in 2018, with international visitor arrivals increasing by 5% to 1.4 billion, two years ahead of the UNWTO's forecast. In the same year, the sector generated US$1.7 trillion in worldwide tourism receipts and supported 10% of global employment, highlighting a solid economic clout. Despite the tourism sector’s growth and expansion, the vast majority of workers have not benefitted from this prosperity due to the unequal distribution of resources. The hospitality and tourism sector is riddled with inequalities and the rampant exploitation of tourism workers. It is widely known (some would even say accepted, that most jobs within the industry are classified as “undignified. In fact, tourism is one of the lowest paying sectors in the world where jobs are considered to be low-paid, low-skilled, and temporary or part-time. In addition, most workers “in the lower tier of the employment spectrum predominantly consists of women, immigrants and young people. Document downloads to your PC as a pdf file.
The Atlantic Canada Agreement on Tourism (ACAT) is an innovative partnership that brings together the Government of Canada, Atlantic provincial governments, and provincial tourism industry associations to position the four Atlantic provinces as must-visit destinations in the highly competitive global tourism market.
In this paper, we examine narratives of tourism mobility circulated through print news media coverage of Newfoundland published in Canada, the UK, and the USA between 1992 and 2010. Initially articles were situated within a larger narrative of fisheries collapse, rural decline, and out-migration. In recent years, however, the discourse shifted to emphasize how non-human nature, including whales, icebergs, and national parks, serves as a tourism attractor, yielding benefits for rural communities. We draw on Latour’s work on political ecology, as well as on Urry’s work on tourism, mobility, and climate change, to analyze the eco-political implications of media accounts of tourism and the Newfoundland coastal environment.
In this paper, we examine narratives of tourism mobility circulated through print news media coverage of Newfoundland published in Canada, the UK, and the USA between 1992 and 2010. Initially articles were situated within a larger narrative of fisheries collapse, rural decline, and out-migration. In recent years, however, the discourse shifted to emphasize how non-human nature, including whales, icebergs, and national parks, serves as a tourism attractor, yielding benefits for rural communities. We draw on Latour’s work on political ecology, as well as on Urry’s work on tourism, mobility, and climate change, to analyze the eco-political implications of media accounts of tourism and the Newfoundland coastal environment.
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Canada's Rural Majority by 
Sustainability Planning and Collaboration in Rural Canada by 
Health and Health Care in Northern Canada by 
Changing Neighbourhoods by 
Big Moves by 
Okanagan geology : British Columbia by 
The Philosophy of Railways by 
The national dream : the great railway, 1871-1881 by 
From Telegrapher to Titan by 
Migration and Cities Immigration Policy and Less-Favoured Regions and Cities: Comparing Urban Atlantic Canada and the US Rust Belt by 
Containing diversity : Canada and the politics of immigration in the 21st century by 
The Least Possible Fuss and Publicity by 
Mass Capture by 
Social and Environmental Impacts of the James Bay Hydroelectric Project by 
Tofino and Clayoquot Sound by 
Views of the Salish Sea by 
Landing Native Fisheries by