Scientific information evolves through a continuous process of communication among scientists. It develops in cycles moving from ideas, through research that tests the ideas, to publications reporting the results, first in the primary literature and later in the secondary and, if significant enough, in the tertiary literature.
Sometimes the authors indicate the study type or design in the title of the article.
Examples:
Krafte Holland, K., Larson, L. R., & Powell, R. B. (2018). Characterizing conflict between humans and big cats Panthera spp: A systematic review of research trends and management opportunities. PLoS One, 13(9), e0203877.
Kalies, E. L., Chambers, C. L., & Covington, W. W. (2010). Wildlife responses to thinning and burning treatments in southwestern conifer forests: A meta-analysis. Forest Ecology and Management, 259, 333-342.
Abstract: Look for key phrases such as the following.
"This study examines..."
"The purpose of this study was to..."
"The study's findings support..."
"We investigated..."
"The results of this study confirm..."
Examine the article for a structured outline such as the IMRD format
Abstract (at front of paper) and References (at end of paper) should be present for all peer-reviewed articles.
Other possible key headings/paragraphs may be Conclusion, Limitations, Future Work/Directions.
Gain an overview first! (Hofmann, 2019, pp. 180-181)
For more help on reading research articles, each campus library has books/ebooks to access on reading, writing, communicating and researching in the biological sciences:
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