Communications

Parenthetical

Narrative

Direct Quote, single page

For e-marketers, this case study "can prove of significant added value" (Manouselis, 2008, p. 44).

Manouselis (2008) believes his case study "can prove of significant added value" (p. 44) for e-marketers.

Direct Quote, multiple pages

E-market operators should evaluate conditions "close to the actual e-market ones... before they deploy them online" (Manouselis, 2008, pp. 44-45).

Manouselis (2008) suggests that e-market operators evaluate conditions "close to the actual e-market ones... before they deploy them online" (pp. 44-45).

Direct Quote, no page numbers

If your source has no page numbers, "count paragraphs down from the beginning of the document" (Lee, 2015, para. 5).

If your source has no page numbers, Lee (2015) says to "count paragraphs down from the beginning of the document" (para. 5).

Paraphrased

Librarians at community colleges teach library skills including research and citations, in collaboration with faculty, to diverse groups of students (Contrada, 2019).

Contrada (2019) notes that librarians at community colleges teach library skills including research and citations, in collaboration with faculty, to diverse groups of students.

Multiple Authors: 2

The study concluded that "existing methods have approached the difficult problem of metacognition in innovative and creative ways" (Crystal & Foote, 2009, p. 14).

Crystal and Foote (2009) conclude that "existing methods have approached the difficult problem of metacognition in innovative and creative ways" (p. 14).

Multiple Authors: 3 or more 

One such study gathered data on the number of citations for all journal articles published in the Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal (CARJ) over a 13 year period beginning in January, 2000 (Alabousi et al., 2019).

The study done by Alabousi et al. (2019) gathered data on the number of citations for all journal articles published in the Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal (CARJ) over a 13 year period beginning in January, 2000.

Corporate Author

Okanagan College began as B.C. Vocational School - Kelowna, opened in 1963 by Premier W.A.C. Bennett (Okanagan College, 2020).

Okanagan College (2020) has over 1200 employees.

Company or Group Author, long name

First citation: (American Psychological Association [APA], 2020). 

Subsequent citations: (APA, 2020).

The American Psychological Association (APA, 2020) has specific guidelines for students in the Publication Manual. It includes reference examples for classroom and intranet sources; and, also covers title pages, annotated bibliographies, and theses (APA, 2020).

More than one source in the citation

(Crystal & Foote, 2009; Cummings et al., 2000; Manouselis, 2008).

Arrange alphabetically in the citation.

According to Crystal and Foote (2009), Cummings et al. (2000), and Manouselis (2008), citations in-text are used to show where you have used a source.

No author

If there is no author, use the first few words of the title ("Citing for Business," 2013). Use quotation marks for an article title and italics for a book title (Citing for Business, 2013).

According to "Citing for Business" (2013), use title case for in-text citations, even though they are capitalized using sentence case in the reference list.

No date

Librarians can help with research and citations (Willson, n.d.).

As Willson (n.d.) explains, librarians can help with research and with citation.

Secondary source (indirect source)

Experimental research (Smith, 1998, as cited in Rasmusson & Friedman, 2002) has shown…

Do not include Smith (1998) in the reference list. Include Rasmusson & Friedman (2002). 

Whenever possible, try to find the original source rather than using a secondary source.

In Smith’s 1998 study (as cited in Rasmusson & Friedman, 2002)…

Personal communications (letters, phone calls, interviews, e-mail messages, etc.)

Do not include personal communications in the reference list. Cite them in text only. 

According to the department chair (L. Coates, personal communication, December 16, 2019)...

L. Coates (personal communication, December 16, 2019) stated that...

Goldfayn, A. L. (2018). Selling boldly: Applying the new science of positive psychology to dramatically increase your confidence, happiness, and sales. John Wiley & Sons

Depauw, M., & Stolk, J. (2015). Linguistic variation in Greek papyri: Towards a new tool for quantitative study. Greek, Roman & Byzantine Studies, 55(1), 196–220.

Auer, M. M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015). Testing normative and self-appraisal feedback in an online slot-machine pop-up in a real-world setting. Frontiers in Psychology, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00339

Price, D. (2018, March 23). Laziness does not exist. Medium. https://humanparts.medium.com/laziness-does-not-exist-3af27e312d01